Laravel 13 进程管理完全指南

Laravel 提供了强大的进程管理功能，包括 Artisan 命令、进程调度和外部进程调用。本文将深入探讨 Laravel 13 中进程管理的各种用法。

Artisan 命令

创建命令

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php artisan make:command SendEmails
php artisan make:command ProcessUsers --command=users:process

命令结构

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<?php

namespace App\Console\Commands;

use App\Models\User;
use App\Services\MailService;
use Illuminate\Console\Command;

class SendEmails extends Command
{
    protected $signature = 'email:send 
                            {user : 用户ID或邮箱}
                            {--queue : 是否使用队列发送}
                            {--subject= : 邮件主题}';

    protected $description = '发送邮件给指定用户';

    public function handle(MailService $mailer): int
    {
        $user = $this->resolveUser($this->argument('user'));
        
        if (!$user) {
            $this->error('用户不存在');
            return self::FAILURE;
        }

        $subject = $this->option('subject') ?? '欢迎邮件';

        if ($this->option('queue')) {
            $mailer->queue($user, $subject);
            $this->info('邮件已加入队列');
        } else {
            $mailer->send($user, $subject);
            $this->info('邮件已发送');
        }

        return self::SUCCESS;
    }

    protected function resolveUser($identifier): ?User
    {
        if (is_numeric($identifier)) {
            return User::find($identifier);
        }
        
        return User::where('email', $identifier)->first();
    }
}

命令签名

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// 必需参数
protected $signature = 'user:create {name} {email}';

// 可选参数
protected $signature = 'user:create {name} {email?}';

// 带默认值的参数
protected $signature = 'user:create {name} {email=default@example.com}';

// 数组参数
protected $signature = 'user:notify {user*}';

// 选项
protected $signature = 'email:send {user} {--queue}';

// 带值的选项
protected $signature = 'email:send {user} {--subject=}';

// 带默认值的选项
protected $signature = 'email:send {user} {--subject=欢迎}';

// 选项简写
protected $signature = 'email:send {user} {--Q|queue}';

// 复杂签名
protected $signature = 'report:generate
                        {type : 报告类型}
                        {--start= : 开始日期}
                        {--end= : 结束日期}
                        {--format=pdf : 输出格式}
                        {--queue : 使用队列处理}
                        {--notify=* : 通知邮箱}';

输入输出

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public function handle(): int
{
    // 获取参数
    $name = $this->argument('name');
    $arguments = $this->arguments();

    // 获取选项
    $queue = $this->option('queue');
    $options = $this->options();

    // 输出信息
    $this->info('操作成功');
    $this->error('操作失败');
    $this->warn('警告信息');
    $this->line('普通输出');
    $this->comment('注释信息');

    // 表格输出
    $this->table(
        ['ID', 'Name', 'Email'],
        User::all(['id', 'name', 'email'])->toArray()
    );

    // 进度条
    $users = User::all();
    $bar = $this->output->createProgressBar($users->count());

    foreach ($users as $user) {
        $this->processUser($user);
        $bar->advance();
    }

    $bar->finish();
    $this->newLine();

    return self::SUCCESS;
}

交互式输入

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public function handle(): int
{
    $name = $this->ask('请输入用户名');
    $password = $this->secret('请输入密码');
    $confirm = $this->confirm('确定要继续吗？');
    $choice = $this->choice(
        '请选择角色',
        ['admin', 'editor', 'user'],
        'user'
    );
    $multiSelect = $this->choice(
        '选择权限',
        ['read', 'write', 'delete'],
        null,
        null,
        true
    );

    $anticipate = $this->anticipate('输入邮箱', [
        'admin@example.com',
        'user@example.com',
    ]);

    return self::SUCCESS;
}

进程调度

定义调度

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// app/Console/Kernel.php
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schedule;
use App\Console\Commands\SendEmails;

class Kernel extends ConsoleKernel
{
    protected function schedule(Schedule $schedule): void
    {
        $schedule->command('emails:send')
            ->daily()
            ->at('09:00');

        $schedule->job(new ProcessPodcasts())
            ->hourly();

        $schedule->exec('node /path/to/script.js')
            ->daily();

        $schedule->call(function () {
            User::where('expired', true)->delete();
        })->daily();
    }
}

调度频率

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// 常用频率
$schedule->command('report:generate')->everyMinute();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->everyFiveMinutes();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->everyTenMinutes();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->everyFifteenMinutes();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->everyThirtyMinutes();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->hourly();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->hourlyAt(17);
$schedule->command('report:generate')->daily();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->dailyAt('13:00');
$schedule->command('report:generate')->twiceDaily(1, 13);
$schedule->command('report:generate')->weekly();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->weeklyOn(1, '8:00');
$schedule->command('report:generate')->monthly();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->monthlyOn(4, '15:00');
$schedule->command('report:generate')->twiceMonthly(1, 16);
$schedule->command('report:generate')->quarterly();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->yearly();

// 工作日
$schedule->command('report:generate')->weekdays();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->weekends();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->mondays();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->tuesdays();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->wednesdays();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->thursdays();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->fridays();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->saturdays();
$schedule->command('report:generate')->sundays();

// Cron 表达式
$schedule->command('report:generate')->cron('0 0 * * *');

调度约束

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$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->when(function () {
        return date('N') <= 5;
    });

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->skip(function () {
        return app()->isDownForMaintenance();
    });

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->environments(['production']);

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->days([Schedule::MONDAY, Schedule::WEDNESDAY]);

防止重叠

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$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->withoutOverlapping(60);

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->onOneServer();

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->runInBackground();

维护模式

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$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->evenInMaintenanceMode();

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->skip(function () {
        return app()->isDownForMaintenance();
    });

任务钩子

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$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->before(function () {
        // 任务执行前
    })
    ->after(function () {
        // 任务执行后
    })
    ->onSuccess(function () {
        // 任务成功时
    })
    ->onFailure(function () {
        // 任务失败时
    });

任务输出

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$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->sendOutputTo(storage_path('logs/report.log'));

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->appendOutputTo(storage_path('logs/report.log'));

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->emailOutputTo('admin@example.com');

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->emailOutputOnFailure('admin@example.com');

进程执行

Process 组件

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use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Process;

// 执行命令
$result = Process::run('ls -la');

echo $result->output();
echo $result->errorOutput();
echo $result->exitCode();

// 检查执行结果
if ($result->successful()) {
    // 成功
}

if ($result->failed()) {
    // 失败
}

实时输出

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Process::run('ls -la', function (string $type, string $output) {
    echo $output;
});

异步进程

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$process = Process::start('npm run build');

while ($process->running()) {
    echo $process->latestOutput();
    sleep(1);
}

$result = $process->wait();

超时设置

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$result = Process::timeout(120)->run('long-running-command');

环境变量

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$result = Process::withEnvironment([
    'NODE_ENV' => 'production',
])->run('npm run build');

工作目录

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$result = Process::path('/path/to/project')->run('npm install');

并行进程

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use Illuminate\Process\Pool;

[$first, $second, $third] = Process::concurrently(function (Pool $pool) {
    $pool->path(__DIR__)->command('ls -la');
    $pool->command('cat file.txt');
    $pool->command('echo "Hello World"');
});

echo $first->output();
echo $second->output();
echo $third->output();

管道操作

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Process::pipe(function ($pipe) {
    $pipe->command('echo "Hello"');
    $pipe->command('sed "s/Hello/Goodbye/"');
});

命令调用

从代码调用命令

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use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Artisan;

// 调用命令
Artisan::call('email:send', [
    'user' => 1,
    '--queue' => true,
]);

// 获取输出
$output = Artisan::output();

// 使用队列
Artisan::queue('email:send', [
    'user' => 1,
])->onQueue('commands');

命令实例调用

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use App\Console\Commands\SendEmails;

Artisan::call(new SendEmails(1, 'welcome'));

自定义命令示例

数据库备份命令

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<?php

namespace App\Console\Commands;

use Illuminate\Console\Command;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Storage;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Process;

class DatabaseBackup extends Command
{
    protected $signature = 'db:backup 
                            {--database=mysql : 数据库连接}
                            {--path= : 备份路径}
                            {--compress : 是否压缩}';

    protected $description = '备份数据库';

    public function handle(): int
    {
        $connection = $this->option('database');
        $config = config("database.connections.{$connection}");

        $filename = sprintf(
            'backup_%s_%s.sql',
            $connection,
            now()->format('Y-m-d_His')
        );

        $path = $this->option('path') ?? storage_path('backups');
        $filepath = "{$path}/{$filename}";

        $this->info("开始备份数据库: {$connection}");

        $command = sprintf(
            'mysqldump -h%s -u%s -p%s %s > %s',
            $config['host'],
            $config['username'],
            $config['password'],
            $config['database'],
            $filepath
        );

        $result = Process::run($command);

        if ($result->failed()) {
            $this->error('备份失败: ' . $result->errorOutput());
            return self::FAILURE;
        }

        if ($this->option('compress')) {
            $this->info('压缩备份文件...');
            Process::run("gzip {$filepath}");
            $filepath .= '.gz';
        }

        $this->info("备份完成: {$filepath}");
        
        return self::SUCCESS;
    }
}

数据导入命令

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<?php

namespace App\Console\Commands;

use App\Imports\UsersImport;
use Illuminate\Console\Command;
use Maatwebsite\Excel\Facades\Excel;

class ImportUsers extends Command
{
    protected $signature = 'users:import 
                            {file : 导入文件路径}
                            {--chunk=1000 : 分块大小}
                            {--validate : 仅验证不导入}';

    protected $description = '导入用户数据';

    public function handle(): int
    {
        $file = $this->argument('file');
        
        if (!file_exists($file)) {
            $this->error("文件不存在: {$file}");
            return self::FAILURE;
        }

        $import = new UsersImport(
            chunkSize: $this->option('chunk'),
            validateOnly: $this->option('validate')
        );

        $this->info('开始导入用户数据...');
        
        $bar = $this->output->createProgressBar();
        $import->setProgressBar($bar);

        try {
            Excel::import($import, $file);
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            $this->error('导入失败: ' . $e->getMessage());
            return self::FAILURE;
        }

        $this->newLine();
        $this->info("导入完成:");
        $this->line("  成功: {$import->successCount}");
        $this->line("  失败: {$import->failureCount}");
        
        if ($import->failures->isNotEmpty()) {
            $this->warn('失败记录:');
            foreach ($import->failures as $failure) {
                $this->line("  行 {$failure->row()}: {$failure->errors()[0]}");
            }
        }

        return self::SUCCESS;
    }
}

总结

Laravel 13 的进程管理提供了：

  • 强大的 Artisan 命令系统
  • 灵活的任务调度
  • 现代化的进程执行组件
  • 完善的输入输出控制
  • 丰富的交互式功能

掌握进程管理是构建复杂命令行应用和自动化任务的基础。