Laravel 13 任务调度详解

任务调度是自动化后台任务的核心功能。Laravel 13 提供了优雅的任务调度系统，可以替代传统的 Cron 配置。

定义调度

调度文件

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// app/Console/Kernel.php
<?php

namespace App\Console;

use Illuminate\Console\Scheduling\Schedule;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Console\Kernel as ConsoleKernel;

class Kernel extends ConsoleKernel
{
    protected function schedule(Schedule $schedule): void
    {
        $schedule->command('inspire')
            ->hourly();
    }

    protected function commands(): void
    {
        $this->load(__DIR__.'/Commands');
    }
}

调度命令

基本调度

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use Illuminate\Console\Scheduling\Schedule;

protected function schedule(Schedule $schedule): void
{
    $schedule->command('emails:send')->daily();
    $schedule->command('emails:send --force')->daily();
    $schedule->command(EmailsSendCommand::class, ['--force'])->daily();
}

调度 Artisan 命令

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$schedule->command('cache:clear')->daily();
$schedule->command('queue:work --daemon')->everyMinute();
$schedule->command('backup:run')->dailyAt('02:00');

调度频率

常用频率

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$schedule->command('task')->everyMinute();
$schedule->command('task')->everyTwoMinutes();
$schedule->command('task')->everyThreeMinutes();
$schedule->command('task')->everyFourMinutes();
$schedule->command('task')->everyFiveMinutes();
$schedule->command('task')->everyTenMinutes();
$schedule->command('task')->everyFifteenMinutes();
$schedule->command('task')->everyThirtyMinutes();

$schedule->command('task')->hourly();
$schedule->command('task')->hourlyAt(17);
$schedule->command('task')->everyOddHour();

$schedule->command('task')->daily();
$schedule->command('task')->dailyAt('13:00');
$schedule->command('task')->twiceDaily(1, 13);
$schedule->command('task')->twiceDailyAt(1, 13, 15);

$schedule->command('task')->weekly();
$schedule->command('task')->weeklyOn(1, '08:00');

$schedule->command('task')->monthly();
$schedule->command('task')->monthlyOn(4, '15:00');
$schedule->command('task')->twiceMonthly(1, 16, '13:00');
$schedule->command('task')->lastDayOfMonth('15:00');

$schedule->command('task')->quarterly();
$schedule->command('task')->yearly();

$schedule->command('task')->cron('* * * * *');

工作日调度

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$schedule->command('task')->weekdays();
$schedule->command('task')->weekends();
$schedule->command('task')->mondays();
$schedule->command('task')->tuesdays();
$schedule->command('task')->wednesdays();
$schedule->command('task')->thursdays();
$schedule->command('task')->fridays();
$schedule->command('task')->saturdays();
$schedule->command('task')->sundays();

时间约束

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->between('08:00', '17:00');

$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->unlessBetween('12:00', '13:00');

$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->days([1, 15]);

调度闭包

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$schedule->call(function () {
    User::where('expired', true)->delete();
})->daily();

$schedule->call(function () {
    Cache::flush();
})->name('clear-cache')->daily();

调度 Shell 命令

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$schedule->exec('node /home/forge/script.js')->daily();

$schedule->exec('/usr/bin/npm run build')
    ->daily()
    ->path('/path/to/project');

调度任务

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use App\Jobs\ProcessPodcast;

$schedule->job(new ProcessPodcast('podcast-id'))->hourly();

$schedule->job(new ProcessPodcast('podcast-id'), 'podcasts')->hourly();

调度条件

环境条件

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->environments(['production', 'staging']);

维护模式

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->evenInMaintenanceMode();

条件回调

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->when(function () {
        return true;
    });

$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->skip(function () {
        return true;
    });

防止重叠

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->withoutOverlapping();

$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->withoutOverlapping(10); // 10 分钟后过期

$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->withoutOverlapping()
    ->onOneServer();

单服务器运行

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->onOneServer();

后台运行

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->runInBackground();

输出处理

发送输出到文件

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->sendOutputTo($filePath);

$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->appendOutputTo($filePath);

发送输出到邮箱

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->emailOutputTo('admin@example.com');

$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->emailOutputOnFailure('admin@example.com');

钩子

前置和后置钩子

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->before(function () {
        // 任务执行前
    })
    ->after(function () {
        // 任务执行后
    })
    ->onSuccess(function () {
        // 任务成功时
    })
    ->onFailure(function () {
        // 任务失败时
    });

任务输出

输出到存储

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use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Storage;

$schedule->command('report:generate')
    ->daily()
    ->storeOutputIn('reports/daily.log');

监控任务

监控任务运行

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$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->pingBefore($url)
    ->thenPing($url);

$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->pingBeforeIf($condition, $url)
    ->thenPingIf($condition, $url);

启动调度器

Cron 配置

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* * * * * cd /path-to-your-project && php artisan schedule:run >> /dev/null 2>&1

手动运行

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php artisan schedule:run
php artisan schedule:run --verbose
php artisan schedule:test
php artisan schedule:list

调度示例

完整示例

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protected function schedule(Schedule $schedule): void
{
    $schedule->command('backup:run')
        ->daily()
        ->at('02:00')
        ->onOneServer()
        ->withoutOverlapping()
        ->emailOutputOnFailure('admin@example.com');

    $schedule->command('analytics:aggregate')
        ->hourly()
        ->between('00:00', '06:00')
        ->environments(['production']);

    $schedule->command('subscriptions:expire')
        ->daily()
        ->when(fn () => config('subscriptions.enabled'));

    $schedule->job(new ProcessPendingOrders)
        ->everyFiveMinutes()
        ->withoutOverlapping()
        ->onOneServer();

    $schedule->call(function () {
        Cache::put('last_cleanup', now());
        User::where('last_activity', '<', now()->subDays(30))->delete();
    })
    ->daily()
    ->name('cleanup-inactive-users');

    $schedule->command('report:weekly')
        ->weekly()
        ->mondays()
        ->at('08:00')
        ->emailOutputTo(['manager@example.com', 'admin@example.com']);

    $schedule->exec('node /path/to/script.js')
        ->daily()
        ->path('/path/to/project')
        ->runInBackground();
}

最佳实践

1. 使用 onOneServer

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// 好的做法：多服务器环境
$schedule->command('task')
    ->daily()
    ->onOneServer();

2. 防止重叠

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// 好的做法：长时间运行的任务
$schedule->command('task')
    ->everyMinute()
    ->withoutOverlapping();

3. 使用任务钩子

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$schedule->command('backup:run')
    ->daily()
    ->onSuccess(function () {
        Log::info('Backup completed');
    })
    ->onFailure(function () {
        Log::error('Backup failed');
    });

4. 合理设置频率

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// 好的做法：根据任务性质设置频率
$schedule->command('cache:clear')->daily();
$schedule->command('queue:work')->everyMinute();
$schedule->command('backup:run')->daily();

// 不好的做法：所有任务都高频运行
$schedule->command('backup:run')->everyMinute();

总结

Laravel 13 的任务调度系统提供了强大而灵活的后台任务自动化能力。通过合理使用调度频率、条件约束、防止重叠和钩子功能，可以构建出可靠的后台任务系统。记住使用 onOneServer 防止多服务器重复执行、使用 withoutOverlapping 防止任务重叠、并充分利用钩子来监控任务状态。任务调度是自动化运维的核心，掌握它对于构建高效的应用程序至关重要。